Advances in DNA synthesis and assembly methods over the past decade have made it possible to construct genome-size fragments from oligonucleotides. Early work focused on synthesis of small viral genomes, followed by hierarchical synthesis of wild-type bacterial genomes and subsequently on transplantation of synthesized bacterial genomes into closely related recipient strains. More recently, a synthetic designer version of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome III has been generated, with numerous changes from the wild-type sequence without having an impact on cell fitness and phenotype, suggesting plasticity of the yeast genome. A project to generate the first synthetic yeast genome - the Sc2.0 Project - is currently underway.
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Biology is now undergoing a rapid transition from the age of deciphering DNA sequence information of the genomes of biological species to the age of synthetic genomes. Scientists hope to gain a thorough mastery of and deeper insights into biological systems by rewriting the genome, the blueprint of life. This transition demands a whole new level of biological understanding, which we currently lack. This knowledge, however, could be obtained through synthetic genomics and genome engineering, albeit on a trial and error basis, by redesigning and building naturally occurring bacterial and eukaryotic genomes whose sequences are known.
The initial proof-of-principle experiment was performed in our laboratory by first designing and synthesizing a 30 kbp fragment of yeast chromosome III and then replacing the wild-type segment with the synthetic piece in yeast [29]. By 2007, the idea of synthesizing a eukaryotic chromosome had morphed into an ambitious project with the goal of rewriting wild-type S. cerevisiae Sc1.0 into a synthetic version, Sc2.0.
Synthetic chromosome rearrangement and modification by loxP-mediated evolution (SCRaMbLE) of the synIII strain. Examples of inversion, translocation and deletion products resulting from Cre recombinase treatment of synIII strain are shown
The content blueprint for PANCE is used as a guideline when items are selected for the Practice Exams. However, because the Practice Exam has fewer items than PANCE, the content areas contain a smaller number of items than on PANCE.
The following unofficial translations, are provided for your convenience. These are working translations. In the event of a conflict over interpretation, the official English and French versions of the text, as published on the FATF website, are authoritative.
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Having access to comprehensive collections of bacterial genomes provides the ability to perform precise and computationally efficient reference-based genome analysis to achieve a detailed classification of microbial ecosystem composition. Our research is aimed at generating high-quality reference genomes, from pure cultures to MAGs, which will serve as a blueprint for metagenomic analysis of the human microbiota. The ability to leverage almost 2,000 additional species in future association and mechanistic studies will bring unprecedented power to investigate the impact of the microbiota in human health and disease.
With knowledge and advisory support from McKinsey, the taskforce has identified six topics requiring action, spanning the entire carbon-credit value chain. In setting out these topics, the taskforce built on numerous scaling efforts that are already under way. The resulting blueprint does not seek to replace ongoing initiatives, but rather to articulate an integrated set of priorities, including some that existing efforts have yet to address. The six topics for action are as follows:
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The Future of Nature and Business sets out how 15 transitions across the three systems can form the blueprint of action for nature-positive transitions which could generate up to US$10.1 trillion in annual business value and create 395 million jobs by 2030. 2ff7e9595c